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The seed-starting master chart

Most sowing failures come down to two things: soil that is too cold, and seed planted too deep. This chart gives the germination soil temperature, sowing depth and days to sprout for 41 common vegetables, herbs and flowers, plus how many years the seed keeps and which crops reward repeat sowing. Sort it, search it, and stop guessing. New to raising your own? Work through the Seed Starting Masterclass alongside it.

Sort
CropSoil temp to germinateDepthDays to sproutSeed keepsSuccession
🍆Aubergine 75-90°F 0.25" 8-14 4 yrs single sowing
🌿Basil 65-85°F surface 5-10 4 yrs single sowing
🟣Beetroot 50-85°F 0.5" 7-14 4 yrs every 3 wks
🥦Broccoli 45-85°F 0.25" 5-10 4 yrs single sowing
🥬Brussels sprouts 45-85°F 0.25" 5-10 4 yrs single sowing
🫘Bush beans 60-85°F 1" 7-10 3 yrs every 2 wks
🥬Cabbage 45-85°F 0.25" 5-10 4 yrs single sowing
🥕Carrot 45-85°F 0.25" 14-21 3 yrs every 3 wks
🥬Cauliflower 45-85°F 0.25" 5-10 4 yrs single sowing
🥬Celery 60-70°F surface 14-21 3 yrs single sowing
🌿Coriander / cilantro 55-70°F 0.25" 7-14 3 yrs every 3 wks
🥒Courgette & squash 65-95°F 1" 6-10 4 yrs single sowing
🥒Cucumber 65-90°F 0.5" 6-10 5 yrs single sowing
🌿Dill 60-75°F surface 10-14 3 yrs every 3 wks
🌿Fennel 60-75°F 0.25" 10-14 3 yrs single sowing
🥬Kale 45-85°F 0.25" 5-8 4 yrs every 3 wks
🥬Kohlrabi 45-85°F 0.25" 5-10 4 yrs every 3 wks
🧅Leek 50-85°F 0.25" 10-14 2 yrs single sowing
🥬Lettuce 40-75°F surface 7-10 1 yr every 2 wks
🌼Marigold 70-75°F surface 5-10 2 yrs single sowing
🍈Melon 70-90°F 0.5" 5-10 5 yrs single sowing
🌺Nasturtium 55-70°F 0.5" 7-14 5 yrs single sowing
🌿Okra 70-95°F 0.5" 7-14 2 yrs single sowing
🧅Onion (from seed) 50-85°F 0.25" 10-14 1 yr single sowing
🥬Pak choi 50-80°F 0.25" 4-8 3 yrs every 2 wks
🌿Parsley 50-80°F 0.25" 14-28 2 yrs single sowing
🥕Parsnip 45-70°F 0.5" 14-28 1 yr single sowing
🫛Peas 40-75°F 1" 7-14 3 yrs every 2 wks
🌶️Pepper & chilli 75-85°F 0.25" 8-14 2 yrs single sowing
🫛Pole / runner beans 60-85°F 1" 7-10 3 yrs single sowing
🎃Pumpkin 65-95°F 1" 6-10 4 yrs single sowing
🔴Radish 45-85°F 0.5" 4-7 4 yrs every 2 wks
🌿Rocket / arugula 40-70°F 0.25" 5-7 3 yrs every 2 wks
🍃Spinach 40-70°F 0.5" 7-14 3 yrs every 2 wks
🧅Spring onion 50-80°F 0.25" 10-14 1 yr every 3 wks
🌻Sunflower 65-85°F 1" 7-14 5 yrs single sowing
🌸Sweet pea 55-65°F 0.5" 10-21 3 yrs single sowing
🌽Sweetcorn 60-95°F 1.5" 7-10 2 yrs every 2 wks
🍃Swiss chard 50-85°F 0.5" 7-14 3 yrs every 3 wks
🍅Tomato 70-85°F 0.25" 6-8 4 yrs single sowing
🥔Turnip 50-85°F 0.5" 5-10 4 yrs every 3 wks

Temperatures are the soil the seed sits in, not the air, so a cold spring bed can lag weeks behind a warm windowsill or heat mat. Sow small seed shallow, big seed deeper, and keep everything evenly moist until it is up. Turn these numbers into dates with the frost-date sowing calendar, keep the salad coming with the succession planting calculator, and see what to sow now with what to sow this month.

Free to cite: link back to this page. Figures are typical ranges; your variety, soil and season shift them.

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